Parenting a child with dmdd - Jan 2, 2018 ... We established lifetime diagnosis of DMDD using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children for DSM-5 in 180 ...

 
The standard treatment for DMDD is psychotherapy (including parent training) and medication, if needed. Cognitive behavior therapy is usually the treatment of choice for supporting these dysregulated children in …. Kitco gold prices live

The causes of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) in children continue to be debated. Since DMDD is a relatively new diagnosis, there is still much to be learned about this mental health disorder, including pinpointing the primary cause(s). However, up to this point, research has indicated certain biological and environmental …DMDD children present as chronically irritable and angry, which can make the road to effective parenting a complex one. Specific Challenges in Parenting Your DMDD Child. A child with DMDD typically has numerous emotional outbursts per week, due to persistent anger and irritability (Symptoms of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation …One study of over 3,200 children between the ages of 2 and 17 years found that between 0.8 and 3.3 percent of children meet criteria for DMDD. DMDD may be more common in children than among teens.Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a childhood disorder characterized by excessive irritability, anger, and frequent outbursts of temper. DMDD affects children between the ages of 6 and 18, and it most often begins before the age of 10. The symptoms of DMDD go well beyond normal irritable moods and interfere with the child’s ...Trauma-informed parenting is a deliberate approach to parenting a child with PTSD or who has experienced trauma but doesn’t have posttraumatic stress disorder. Children are traumatized when they or a loved one experiences something that compromises their need for security, safety, and love. Trauma-informed parenting …DMDD and bipolar disorder are independent diagnoses and cannot be diagnosed together in a child. Further, if a child experiences a manic or hypomanic episode, they should not be diagnosed with DMDD at all, and instead, further assessment of bipolar disorder should be done. DMDD is considered a depressive disorder and is …DMDD stands for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, which is a condition that refers to chronic irritability and anger outbursts in children. While all children experience mood swings and frustrations, DMDD extends beyond age-appropriate emotional regulation. DMDD is a relatively new disorder that was introduced in the DSM …The themes of “My Parents Kept Me from Children Who Were Rough” by Stephen Spender include jealousy and resentment. Specifically, the author resents his parents for protecting him ...Mission and Vision. The mission of Revolutionize DMDD is to help transform the lives of children and adolescents suffering from Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). We provide support for families, schools, and medical professionals by sharing a brain-based treatment and overall philosophy of care to promote successful outcomes.Jun 14, 2022 · First identified as a diagnosis in 2013, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a mood disorder for children who display chronic irritability with severe temper outbursts. These children have a tough time controlling their emotions, leading to significant problems at home and school. Parenting a child with DMDD has substantial challenges. Children with DMDD demonstrate low frustration tolerance and exhibit difficulties with emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and behavioral self-control. In order to meet the diagnostic criteria for DMDD, children must demonstrate outbursts at least three times per week for a period of at least one year across at least two of theBehavioral parent coaching is commonly used to treat ADHD, but it may also help children with DMDD. The goal of DMDD parent training is to break the cycle of bad encounters between children and their parents by teaching parents how to respond to their children correctly. A parent, for example, may learn to reward or discipline positive or proper …Sep 28, 2023 · The key to parenting a child with DMDD is first knowing the symptoms—starting with recognizing a bad day from something potentially bigger. There are a number of clinical treatment options, and ... Children with DMDD demonstrate low frustration tolerance and exhibit difficulties with emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and behavioral self-control. In order to meet the diagnostic criteria for DMDD, children must demonstrate outbursts at least three times per week for a period of at least one year across at least two of the Nov 6, 2023 · The child can’t be younger than 6 or older than 18, and the onset of symptoms must have been before 10; The reason DMDD can’t be diagnosed before a child is six — even though parents usually say the behavior was present in toddlers — is that tantrums are still part of normal development at that point. Clinicians don’t want to ... In the age of technology, children are increasingly exposed to various digital platforms and devices. As a result, parents have become more concerned about their child’s online saf...Jun 26, 2017 · In the aftermath, you don't know whether to punish or comfort your child ( Children with Psychiatric Illness Require Thoughtful Discipline ). After all, an outburst involves everything you'd usually punish (swearing, damaging property, etc.). Kids with DMDD often feel remorse once they calm down, though. As a parent, outbursts cause a mixed bag ... In today’s fast-paced world, finding activities that keep kids entertained while also fostering their creativity and learning can be a challenge for parents. That’s where Kiwi Crat...The main symptom of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is chronic irritability. "Irritability" is a vague word, though. It doesn't adequately describe how angry and mean our kids with DMDD can get or how demoralizing it feels. As parents, we work hard to raise decent human beings, then a DMDD outburst erupts and that decency ...This post is all about Ways To Make Halloween Better For Kids With DMDD/ADHD. Way To Make Halloween Better For Kids With DMDD/ADHD. 1. Plan Halloween Activities Ahead Of Time. Children with DMDD (disruptive mood dysregulation disorder) and ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) need planning. ... ️DMDD …Aug 1, 2023 ... This programming includes weekly updates for parents on their child's progress, the parent's own therapeutic process, and educative family ...Being a stay-at-home parent is a full-time job in itself, but many parents are also looking for ways to earn extra income while taking care of their children. One of the most popul...Jun 6, 2023 · Parenting training is usually more effective with children with DMDD than adolescents with the disorder. Medication The three most common categories of medication used for DMDD are stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. As a parent or caregiver, you deeply love your child, but the challenges they face can often feel difficult to handle. At DMDD.org, we understand that there is limited research and …This behavioral transformation is also due to your child's rapidly developing brain. "A toddler's memory is improving, so he will remember what he wants more often," explains Dudley. Plus, very ...As a parent, you understand the importance of providing your child with the best educational resources. When it comes to math, finding effective and engaging tools can be a challen...Children with DMDD demonstrate low frustration tolerance and exhibit difficulties with emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and behavioral self-control. In order to meet the diagnostic criteria for DMDD, children must demonstrate outbursts at least three times per week for a period of at least one year across at least two of the Nov 20, 2019 ... Kids with DMDD can stay upset for hours at a time. It's important to reassure parents that DMDD is not a trauma-based illness and the child is ...This episode delves into the world of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD), a condition characterized by persistent irritability and severe temper outbursts. On this episode of Raising Joy, pediatric psychiatrist Rachel Talbot, M.D., of Cook Children’s sheds light on this misunderstood but common diagnosis.4 days ago · Trauma-informed parenting is a deliberate approach to parenting a child with PTSD or who has experienced trauma but doesn’t have posttraumatic stress disorder. Children are traumatized when they or a loved one experiences something that compromises their need for security, safety, and love. Trauma-informed parenting means that the child’s ... Jan 2, 2018 ... We established lifetime diagnosis of DMDD using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children for DSM-5 in 180 ...DMDD Support, Parents of Boys With DMDD, and Matthew’s Kids (for those using which specific Dr. Matthews protocol) are three such communities on Facebook so can assist parents in learning more about this mental health diagnosis and how it differs from other diagnoses. In the safe of these groups, you will find others who are live a reality ...Jun 26, 2017 · In the aftermath, you don't know whether to punish or comfort your child ( Children with Psychiatric Illness Require Thoughtful Discipline ). After all, an outburst involves everything you'd usually punish (swearing, damaging property, etc.). Kids with DMDD often feel remorse once they calm down, though. As a parent, outbursts cause a mixed bag ... Encourage your child to talk openly and honestly about their problems. Ask your doctor about family therapy. This can help your family better communicate and to understand your child with DMDD. Make time for your own self-care. When you take care of yourself, you're better able to take care of others. Encourage your child to talk openly and honestly about their problems. Ask your doctor about family therapy. This can help your family better communicate and to understand your child with DMDD. Make time for your own self-care. When you take care of yourself, you're better able to take care of others. Written specifically for parents by a natural health expert and father of a child with DMDD who knows, this definitive guide provides a roadmap to help your child overcome DMDD using natural solutions. ... dietary supplements, essential oils, nutrition, and lifestyle adjustments that can help your child regain balance. As a parent, you want …Participants (159 parents, 225 non-parents) completed a vignette study on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) in which a child displayed behaviors consistent with DMDD. The child was described as either taking psychiatric medication or not, and the vignette described the child’s condition as either genetic or did not mention etiology.Apr 1, 2021 · The Uncontrollable Child is here to help. Written for parents of children with emotion dysregulation disorders, including disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), The Uncontrollable Child is a lifeline. It contains a powerful set of skills based in dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)—including mindfulness, validation, limit-setting, and ... A note from Cleveland Clinic. Children and teens who are constantly irritable can be very challenging for parents. While it’s normal for young children and teens to show moodiness from time to time, frequent and disruptive behavior may indicate disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). The benefits of an animal at home for children with emotional and behavioral disorders include promoting impulse control, improving confidence and building the capacity for empathy. Animals are shown to decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety. In therapy sessions and schools, therapy animals have been shown to improve social …Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a childhood condition that causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent temper outbursts that are out of proportion to the …Jun 26, 2017 · In the aftermath, you don't know whether to punish or comfort your child ( Children with Psychiatric Illness Require Thoughtful Discipline ). After all, an outburst involves everything you'd usually punish (swearing, damaging property, etc.). Kids with DMDD often feel remorse once they calm down, though. As a parent, outbursts cause a mixed bag ... Interventions for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder teach kids emotional regulation, frustration tolerance. Read how to discipline a child with DMDD on HealthyPlace.Parenting this child has left me feeling trapped, that if I can just hold on til he is 18 then maybe I will be ok. and EVERYONE judges you so hard which makes you feel even worse about yourself and like you are crazy. Even my own mother still tells me at times he is “just a normal boy and I am high-strung”. ... at 6 with ADHD, Anxiety, and ODD. …May 22, 2017 Melissa David. For a child with mental illness, school refusal can be common. School can be anxiety-provoking for children with mental illnesses ( School Anxiety in Children: Signs, Causes, Treatments). School refusal is anxiety-provoking for parents. Working parents have the added layer of inflexible timelines.Aug 2, 2022 ... Researchers also are studying the use of dialectical behavior therapy for children (DBT-C) with DMDD. This type of therapy may help children ...Some providers aren't experienced or comfortable putting kids on the other common options for DMDD. What they don't realize is some times the child's development may depend on it. Meaning keeping crucial things possible like being able to stay in school, having a healthier family dynamic, staying safe, peer relationships, etc.The standard treatment for DMDD is psychotherapy (including parent training) and medication, if needed. Cognitive behavior therapy is usually the treatment of choice for supporting these dysregulated children in …As a parent, you want to provide the best for your child, and that includes their toys, clothes, and other products they use. However, sometimes even the most careful parents can u...As a parent or caregiver, you deeply love your child, but the challenges they face can often feel difficult to handle. At DMDD.org, we understand that there is limited research and …Children with ODD with or without DMDD had more problems regarding attitudes toward school, academic performance, and parent-child interaction at home than those with DMDD-only. Limitations: Small sample size of DMDD. Conclusions: DMDD is a rare disorder in the community. Children with DMDD had more psychiatric …In today’s digital age, ensuring the safety of our children has become a top priority for parents. With the rise of smartphones and other mobile devices, it has become easier than ...DMDD ; 4 Things to Say to a Mom Raising a Child With a Mental Illness · Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ; Understood · Attention Issues ; What Works When ...DMDD symptoms are relatively common in referred children, but the full disorder is much less common. For example, in the Great Smoky Mountains Study sample, the lifetime prevalence rate of DMDD ...Feb 2, 2022 · DMDD is a fairly recent diagnosis, appearing for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013. The DSM-5 classifies DMDD as a type of depressive disorder, as children diagnosed with DMDD struggle to regulate their moods and emotions in an age-appropriate way. As a result, children with DMDD exhibit ... Sep 9, 2022 · DMDD, which is characterized by chronic, severe, and persistent irritability in both adolescents and children, was added to address some of the concerns of the over-diagnosis and potential over-treatment of bipolar in children. (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) With discussion on the inclusion of DMDD, the experts ... Dec 6, 2017 · Parent training is another type of therapy that can be helpful in the treatment of DMDD. In training, parents learn how to respond to irritable behavior in a way that reduces a child’s ... Mar 3, 2022 · The National Institute of Mental Health says, “Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger, and frequent, intense temper outbursts. DMDD symptoms go beyond a being a “moody” child—children with DMDD experience severe impairment that requires clinical attention.”. When this occurs, it’s possible your child may be experiencing a mental health condition. One diagnosis that presents only in children aged 7-18 is called Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). DMDD is a condition in which a child experiences chronic, severe irritability and anger. Primary symptoms include an irritable mood and temper ...Dmdd, odd, adhd, asd, spd, generalized anxiety, depression, and ocd.. He won’t poop, threatens people at home and school, self harms, and screams and fights for all basic care.. I’m so lost on what to do. ... Parenting this child has left me feeling trapped, that if I can just hold on til he is 18 then maybe I will be ok.How to parent a child with DMDD? Some specific challenges when parenting a child with DMDD include: Managing outbursts and aggressive behavior: Children with DMDD may have frequent and intense episodes of anger or aggression, which can be challenging for parents to manage. Maintaining a consistent and …DMDD stands for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, which is a condition that refers to chronic irritability and anger outbursts in children. While all children experience mood swings and frustrations, DMDD extends beyond age-appropriate emotional regulation. DMDD is a relatively new disorder that was introduced in the DSM …A child with DMDD is more likely to have other disorders (such as depression or anxiety) as an adult. Symptoms. The symptoms of DMDD are similar to other disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). ... Please do not submit personal information or requests on behalf of someone else unless you are the parent or guardian of a minor …children their age. For example, a parent tells the child to stop playing a game and do their homework. Any child might be frustrated or annoyed. But a child with DMDD may become extremely upset and emotional and have an intense temper outburst with yelling or hitting. A child with DMDD experiences these intense temper outbursts a few times a week. Sleep. If you have a spouse or partner, map out a plan that creates equally shared responsibilities. To make parenting less hard and reduce your risk of burnout, make your parenting thoughts and actions less about the pressures of others and more about the harmony you seek in your home. article references.Children’s embroidered towels are becoming increasingly popular among parents, and for good reason. These adorable and functional towels offer numerous benefits that make them a mu...Tanya J. Peterson. To discipline a child with ADHD and ODD, understand the nature of the disorders. Both ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and ODD (oppositional defiant disorder) affect behavior; therefore, concentrating on modifying your child’s actions is what will work best. Trying to involve emotions or thoughts doesn’t ...Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a childhood disorder characterized by excessive irritability, anger, and frequent outbursts of temper. DMDD affects children between the ages of 6 and 18, and it most often begins before the age of 10. The symptoms of DMDD go well beyond normal irritable moods and interfere with the child’s ...6 days ago · Through skills training, children with DMDD can learn to regulate their mood and better tolerate frustration. Parent training can be very helpful in dealing with DMDD. Parenting a child with DMDD is challenging, and traditional parenting methods may not be effective. Through training, parents can learn to approach and interact with their child ... The causes of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) in children continue to be debated. Since DMDD is a relatively new diagnosis, there is still much to be learned about this mental health disorder, including pinpointing the primary cause(s). However, up to this point, research has indicated certain biological and environmental …In the aftermath, you don't know whether to punish or comfort your child ( Children with Psychiatric Illness Require Thoughtful Discipline ). After all, an outburst involves everything you'd usually punish (swearing, damaging property, etc.). Kids with DMDD often feel remorse once they calm down, though. As a parent, outbursts cause a …Dec 20, 2022 · How to discipline a child with DMDD. Disciplining a child with DMDD can be challenging, as the child may have difficulty regulating their emotions and responding to consequences in a typical way. Working with a mental health professional and considering the child’s individual needs and characteristics is essential when developing a discipline ... In today’s digital age, it has become increasingly important for parents to ensure the safety and well-being of their children online. The internet can be a double-edged sword for ...Feb 20, 2018 · The main symptom of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is chronic irritability. "Irritability" is a vague word, though. It doesn't adequately describe how angry and mean our kids with DMDD can get or how demoralizing it feels. As parents, we work hard to raise decent human beings, then a DMDD outburst erupts and that decency ... Does your child experience frequent and intense tantrums? Is their irritability and anger impacting their daily life and relationships?Though more effective with smaller children, components of positive parenting practices like the Triple P model can be effective with adolescence as well. 99 Classic PMT models like the Oregon model or others like Kazdin or Berkley are effective. 96, 100, 101 Parent–child interaction therapy includes video-based monitoring and feedback …DMDD children present as chronically irritable and angry, which can make the road to effective parenting a complex one. Specific Challenges in Parenting Your DMDD Child. A child with DMDD typically has numerous emotional outbursts per week, due to persistent anger and irritability (Symptoms of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation …Parent Management Training: Treatment for Oppositional, Aggressive, and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents by Alan Kazdin, Ph.D. Parenting a Child Who Has Intense Emotions: Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills to Help Your Child Regulate Emotional Outbursts and Aggressive Behaviors by Pat Harvey LCSW-C and Jeanine …Jul 1, 2016 ... The second core criterion for DMDD is pervasive irritable mood. To assess this, we ask parents whether they (and others) generally see the child ...Similarities Between ODD and DMDD. Both disorders involve a consistently angry and disruptive child. Children with ODD may not have explosive rages, but severe cases result in purposeful destruction or assault. Both disorders can involve children blaming their behavior on others or refusing to follow rules.Nonetheless, DMDD is a true diagnosis today, and the symptoms of DMDD are challenging to live with for both the child and the parents (Life with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder). Anger/temper outbursts – these are significant and may be verbal (yelling, screaming) or behavioral (physical aggression towards others or objects).As yousll learn in training, the majority of children in foster care are reunified with their birth family, and foster parents must support that outcome.sexual fantasies . Every woman on earth has fantasized about some explicit sexual fantasy that she may or may not have been too ashamed to talk about.May 25, 2019 · Specific Challenges in Parenting Your DMDD Child. A child with DMDD typically has numerous emotional outbursts per week, due to persistent anger and irritability ( Symptoms of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ). As a parent, this can be difficult to watch and affects the entire family; yet, preventing these outbursts often seems impossible. Jun 22, 2022 · Parents and caregivers are instrumental in supporting children with DMDD. Adding a parent training program can complement your child’s treatment. Parent training teaches you awareness of your child’s triggers, and you will learn effective responses to manage emotional outbursts. Mar 3, 2022 · The National Institute of Mental Health says, “Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger, and frequent, intense temper outbursts. DMDD symptoms go beyond a being a “moody” child—children with DMDD experience severe impairment that requires clinical attention.”. In order to test whether the use of a DMDD diagnosis can actually help clinicians lower the rate of over-diagnosing children with BD, Margulies and colleagues evaluated admission and hospital follow-up for 56 children with manic symptoms reported by parents; the results showed that based on the medical histories provided by parents, …Jan 21, 2023 ... We expect that (1) children with DMDD will show clinically elevated and significantly worse scores on emotion control by parent-report compared ...When it comes to hard jobs, “parent” is almost certainly one of the hardest. At the same time, you’re going to be exhausted and busier than you ever believed possible, because you ...

How to parent a child with DMDD? Some specific challenges when parenting a child with DMDD include: Managing outbursts and aggressive behavior: Children with DMDD may have frequent and intense episodes of anger or aggression, which can be challenging for parents to manage. Maintaining a consistent and …. Twice songs

parenting a child with dmdd

The long-term prognosis of children with DMDD is one of significantly impaired functioning. Young adults with a history of DMDD are shown to have elevated rates of depression and anxiety. This population of adults is also at an increased risk of meeting criteria for other, more serious psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety ...As a parent, you want to provide the best for your child, and that includes their toys, clothes, and other products they use. However, sometimes even the most careful parents can u...The symptoms of DMDD are similar to other disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Children and teens with DMDD have: Intense verbal or physical ...Youth with DMDD are typically diagnosed between the ages of 6 and 10. To be diagnosed with DMDD, a child must have experienced symptoms steadily for 12 or more months.DMDD stands for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, which is a condition that refers to chronic irritability and anger outbursts in children. While all children experience mood swings and frustrations, DMDD extends beyond age-appropriate emotional regulation. DMDD is a relatively new disorder that was introduced in the DSM …This episode delves into the world of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD), a condition characterized by persistent irritability and severe temper outbursts. On this episode of Raising Joy, pediatric psychiatrist Rachel Talbot, M.D., of Cook Children’s sheds light on this misunderstood but common diagnosis.Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), as introduced in DSM-5 (), ostensibly developed in response to the DSM-5 committee’s concerns about the apparent increase in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s (2, 3) (Table 1).This increase evolved for a number of reasons. First, DSM-III eliminated …Jun 2, 2023 · Parenting a child with DMDD can be challenging, but with the right strategies, it becomes more manageable. In this blog post, we'll explore 11 valuable tips to help you navigate this journey. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder(DMDD) is a condition where kids and teens experience intense anger and have explosive outbursts. Mission and Vision. The mission of Revolutionize DMDD is to help transform the lives of children and adolescents suffering from Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). We provide support for families, schools, and medical professionals by sharing a brain-based treatment and overall philosophy of care to promote successful outcomes.May 6, 2022 ... Reward appropriate behaviors with attention, praise, and privileges. In multi-child households, kids sometimes go unnoticed when they are ...Jan 21, 2023 ... We expect that (1) children with DMDD will show clinically elevated and significantly worse scores on emotion control by parent-report compared ...Parenting this child has left me feeling trapped, that if I can just hold on til he is 18 then maybe I will be ok. and EVERYONE judges you so hard which makes you feel even worse about yourself and like you are crazy. Even my own mother still tells me at times he is “just a normal boy and I am high-strung”. ... at 6 with ADHD, Anxiety, and ODD. …Group rules from the admins. 1. BE KIND TO ONE ANOTHER. DMDD is hard. We are all doing the best we can. If you can’t say something encouraging and supportive, please don’t say anything at all. Parent shaming, bullying, or inappropriate language toward another member will not be tolerated and may result in temporary …Parent Management Training PMT has an 92% success rate in decreasing aggression, defiance, and oppositional behavior in children and adolescents. It is considered the most well-established treatment for children with ADHD, ODD, Conduct Disorder, DMDD, and Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Click below to read information about PMT on the CDC website. A combination of dialectical behavior therapy for children (DBT-C) and parent management training has been found to be very helpful in treating DMDD. In DBT-C, the …As a result, the diagnosis of DMDD was created to help find better ways of supporting such individuals. The Role of “Easy Dopamine” Parents often report that their child/youth are triggered by the following: Asking the person to stop doing a preferred activity (e.g. if parents ask him to get off the TV)To discipline a child with ADHD, try to set your child up for success. Break down complicated tasks into small, actionable steps. Encouragement is helpful so stay positive. Try to let smaller infractions go as you focus on the larger goals. Kids with ADHD may have trouble sitting still, completing tasks, managing impulses, and following directions..

Popular Topics