If you want to help support Shannon to produce more videos like this, visit https://www.house-improvements.com/donateLink to the raised garden bed material c...Cut your 4″ x 4″ board into 4 pieces that are each 1′ long and do the same with your 3/4″ x 4″ boards. 2. Build Your Frame! You’ll use one of your 4″ x 4″ posts for each corner. Line up a 4′ and 8′ board with the bottom half of your post and screw into place. Repeat the process with each corner until you have a long ...Plastic crates are also useful for your vegetable bed ideas, as you can include climbing frames like in the example above, or even move them easily when the season changes. 3. Repurpose IKEA Plastic Bags. As far as inexpensive ideas for raised garden beds go, this has to be one of my favorites. Build a Raised Garden Bed on a Budget. We've already talked about all of the perks of having a raised garden bed, but we didn't mention how nice they can look when added …Learn how to build a raised garden bed with these easy-to-follow plans for different shapes, sizes, and materials. Find out the benefits of elevated gardening, such as warmer soil, better control, and …Apr 13, 2018 ... Building a Raised Bed ... With the ground covered, it's time to make your raised bed. Lay out a measuring tape along each plank and clearly mark ...Step 3. Making a raised bed - slotting he wood together. Slot the planks together to form the bed. This is easier to do with two pairs of hands, as you need to keep the boards level so that they drop into place. Fill the bed with soil and organic matter, ready for early-spring planting. Discover how to build a simple raised bed for growing ...Did you know you don't need a plot of dirt or a ton of space to grow a lush vegetable and flower garden? You can get started with a bale of straw. Advertisement There are lots of w...The project . I built these raised garden beds in the front garden using corrugated iron and timber. How to build a raised garden bed . Grow your own garden in raised garden beds by following this step-by-step guide to building a raised garden bed by horticulturist and Workshop member Adam Woodhams.. For beginners, Adam has also shared a step-by …The hugelkultur method. I needed a lot of soil to fill my new raised beds, and in a bit of desperation I also threw branches in some of them to help fill them ...Avoid creating a bed that's wider than 1.5m, as you'll struggle to access the plants. 3. Build the sides. Making a garden bed is essentially learning how to build a garden box. To create the sides of your bed, screw or nail your planks to the posts, with the edges of the planks bedded around an inch into the ground. 4.👉 Get the build plan ebook: https://hydrangea-treehouse.myshopify.com/products/raised-bed-cover-ebook(the ebook version includes a cut list calculator so yo...Step 1: Dig the trench. FAMILY HANDYMAN. Mark the border of the raised bed with a rope. Dig a 20cm deep x 25cm-wide trench next to the rope. Level the bottom and create steps to accommodate sloped areas. Fill the trench with 10cm of gravel. Use a square shovel for crisp edges and keep the trench bottom roughly level.May 26, 2022 ... Measure the area you want your raised bed to be, so you know which length timber sleepers to buy. Also think about height – something with large ...How to Build a 10'x4' Raised Garden Bed. Supply List: • 10ft 2”x 8” pressure treated board—4. • 8ft 2”x 8” pressure treated board—2. • 10ft 4”x 4” pressure ...Apr 4, 2023 · Prepare the area by removing weeds and grass. Remember to choose a sunny spot for your veggie garden. Sink the posts, around 10 cm deep into the ground. You don’t have to concrete them in because the soil will hold them in place. Start on one corner and attach one of the shorter planks to the post with screws. 3. Estimate the cost of constructing the beds. Constructing raised garden beds can be a do-it-yourself product for handy individuals. Choosing to hire a carpenter to get the work done is also an option. 4. Put soil in the constructed beds.Mar 8, 2023 · This 4-foot by 8-foot, 24-inch deep cedar raised garden bed is made with heavy-duty 2×6 lumber for natural beauty and excellent durability without paint, stain, or varnish. The surface is high ... Jan 27, 2021 · Step 3. Build the wood raised garden bed frame. Build the frame by attaching a 4-ft.-long 2×8 piece of lumber with 3-in. deck screws to the sides of two of the 4×4 posts. Repeat with the other 4-ft. 2×8 and two 4×4 posts. Next, attach the two ends with the 6-ft.-long 2×8s. Step 4. Attach the rest of the boards. How to build a raised bed garden, anyone can do this!Thanks for the kind words and support 😁🐕 ️NEW Official Website! https://teamgrow.usAmazon Store: www.a... Gardeners are anxious to get out in the garden. A raised vegetable garden bed makes that possible earlier in spring — especially when it has its own greenhouse cover. At waist height, this planter box is easy to access, yet thieving rabbits don't have it so easy. And because it comes with a self-watering system, irrigation is simple, too.Apr 25, 2021 ... Easy raised garden bed supplies · 8 lengths of 2 x 6 inch boards. · 8 Newcastle cement planter wall blocks – we purchased ours at Home Depot.Step 3. Making a raised bed - slotting he wood together. Slot the planks together to form the bed. This is easier to do with two pairs of hands, as you need to keep the boards level so that they drop into place. Fill the bed with soil and organic matter, ready for early-spring planting. Discover how to build a simple raised bed for growing ...When it comes to a good night’s sleep, one of the most important factors is the quality of your mattress. At the heart of every mattress lies its core foundation. This is the layer...Use screws rather than nails to build your bed. Nails will pull away from the corner posts more easily. Restrict the width of your bed to 1.2m to ensure that you can easily reach the plants in its centre without having to stand in the bed. None of the prices for our beds include the cost of delivery for materials.3. Estimate the cost of constructing the beds. Constructing raised garden beds can be a do-it-yourself product for handy individuals. Choosing to hire a carpenter to get the work done is also an option. 4. Put soil in the constructed beds.Step 16: Add Soil and Plant! I put composted leaf mulch in first (from our composting bin ), and added top soil on top. I screwed in cup hooks every foot on the outside of the bed. Then, using twine I was able to create a grid for square foot gardening.Sep 5, 2020 · The best width for a raised garden bed is four feet (1.2m). Beds this wide are easy to reach into from all sides which is what you want. The best length is debatable. I think that if you’re tempted to hop over your beds regularly then they’re too long. Eight feet (2.4m) is standard but 12′ (3.7m) is common too. How to Make a Raised-Bed Garden. 1. The layout. Select a site that’s sunny at least three quarters of the day and preferably all day. If neces-sary, cut back limbs on nearby trees for added light. It is important to locate both beds and plants so that all the plants in your garden receive as much sunlight throughout the day as possible. Installing The Corner Posts. The very first step is setting the end posts. We used shorter cedar posts that are about 4 feet tall. Space them 4 feet apart and measure down the length of your garden 48 feet and place two more posts 4 feet apart. For these corner posts, I concrete them in to anchor the bed.Home-grown veggies can help you eat healthy and save you a bit of money. A raised garden bed is a great place to grow them, and building one is easy as.See t...A good raised garden bed soil mix will be a combination of topsoil, compost or organic matter, and sand or grit. The combination creates a soil that has good …Fill the bed. Photo by Kolin Smith. Shovel a 3-inch layer of gravel across the bottom of the bed and smooth it with the hoe. Fill the bed with topsoil, tamping it lightly every 6 inches to reduce settling later. Fill to within 2 to 3 inches of the top of the bed. Rake the soil smooth and plant. We aim to enrich everyone’s life through plants, and make the UK a greener and more beautiful place. Building raised beds is a great way to add more growing space to your garden, especially if your soil is poor. If you plan ahead, constructing them can be accomplished in a weekend, and you can quickly get growing fruit, vegetables, cut ...Shovel the grass into a wheelbarrow and re-plant elsewhere. Dig a 6-inch-deep x 6-inch-wide trench around the perimeter of the garden bed. Set the first 6×6 timber into the trench, check it for level, then pack dirt around it. Drill a ½-inch-diameter hole through the timber, then use a rotary hammer to drive a ½-inch-diameter x 48-inch-long ... Build a raised garden bed from besser blocks. Besser blocks are fantastic for building raised garden beds of all shapes and sizes. They are lightweight, sturdy and really easy to install. If you build a raised bed from besser blocks, you can either leave it natural or even paint or render the blocks to suit your landscape.Jun 27, 2023 · The $50 Raised Garden Bed. This bed requires half the materials, so it's half the cost. Again, this depth (six inches) isn't ideal for deeper-rooted plants, but it's perfect for growing your own salad garden. To build this raised bed, you'll purchase two 2" x 6" x 8' boards and cut each board in half for a total of four 4' boards. For this raised garden frame, stack the wooden posts and then install the wooden dowels to corners to hold all the planks in place nicely and tightly! Next you can drag your frame anywhere in your garden! Grab the full free raised bed plans and visual instructions from ehow. 9. Raised Bed Garden + Trellis. Size options: Similar to the wooden raised bed, you want your mounded beds to be 4 ft. wide or less. Anything wider starts to make it difficult to reach into ...Well, all you have to do is lay the tires out and fill them with dirt. Then plant your seedlings or seeds and you have your very own garden bed. Build this raised garden bed. 20. Curved Raised Beds. If you are someone that likes to add a little flair to your design then you might like this raised garden bed option.Turn your pallets over. Then lay the garden fabric across the back. Measure enough to cover the entire back. As well as enough extra on all four sides to cover the ends and overlap at the top. Then trim the …How to build a raised bed vegetable garden. Raised beds are improved areas of soil elevated above ground level and often surrounded and contained with boards or other rigid materials. They are usually 2- to 4-ft. wide, 2- to 12-in. high, and as long as desired. The raised bed or growing bed is the basic unit of an intensive garden.To do this, you measure the length diagonally both ways and check they're equal. Once square, insert corner pegs. These can be hammered into the ground to prevent the raised garden bed from moving. The corner posts should sit around 50 mm below the top of the raised bed. Screw pegs into the bottom frame.28K 1.5M views 3 years ago #raisedbeds #gardening #gardenbeds How to Build Beautiful DIY Raised Garden Beds in 3 minutes! Build portion of the video starts at 0:55 - 3:30 ....And then...Panasonic said it plans to build the world’s largest EV battery plant, a $4 billion factory in Kansas that will supply lithium-ion batteries to EV makers. Panasonic said Wednesday ...Learn how to build a raised garden bed with this comprehensive guide for beginners. Find out the benefits, materials, planning, soil mix, and planting of raised bed gardening. Get tips on …So about $4.25 on screws for each raised bed. Cedar boards, .5 inches x 4 inches x 8 feet. about $3.28 each. We used nine (9) for each 8×4 foot beds for a total of $29.35 per bed. And on the 8×2 foot …Plant medium-height plants, such as peppers, on either side. Finally, plant the shortest crops, such as radishes and carrots, along the edges of the bed. This way, you can easily reach any plant ...This video teaches you how to build one. It will outline the materials required for construction and step-by-step instructions. It is part of a series of videos that discusses raised bed design, construction, and soil media preparation for a successful raised bed garden. This project was supported by PDA Specialty Crop Block Grant ME#44187248 ... Beds against a wall or fence should be about 2-3 feet (60-90cm) wide, as you’ll only have access from one side. Aim for a minimum height of 6 inches (15cm), while up to a foot (30cm) is ideal for root crops. Make sure to leave enough space for access between beds. About two feet (60cm) wide is ideal.Whether you’re struggling socially, on the job, or in school, you might be wondering, “How do I raise my self-esteem?” Don’t worry — you aren’t alone. It’s a pretty common question...Elevated garden beds are a popular choice for many home gardeners. They offer several advantages, including improved drainage, better soil quality and less bending over when planti...More raised-bed details: I use whatever rot-resistant, untreated lumber is locally available as 2-by-10s for a good price (here that’s locust). I like my beds between 4 and 5 feet wide (wider is hard to reach across; even 5 is stretching it) and try to waste little lumber by using multiples or halves of common lengths like 8- and 10-footers ...Learn how to build a raised garden bed from scratch with this easy DIY guide. Find out what kind of wood or material to use, how large a bed should be, how to clear the site, and how to fill and plant …Jan 23, 2006 · Wearing gloves, line the bed bottom with hardware cloth, making sure that the cloth is lying flat on the bottom and curving up to touch each side of the bed. Secure the cloth by stapling it to the sides of the bed. Use wire cutters to trim excess cloth and to help the cloth fit flush around the corner posts. There are two steps required to build a timber raised garden bed. Assembly of the long side panels of the garden bed. Attaching the short side planks to the two long side panels. The first step is to assemble the long two long side panels. Screw the timber posts to the long side planks, using two screws at each point, enuring that the …How to Build a Raised Garden Bed. Written by MasterClass. Last updated: Jun 7, 2021 • 4 min read. An elevated gardening plot keeps outside plants and pests from invading the soil. Learn how to build a raised garden bed in nine steps.Whether you’re a newbie or a seasoned gardener, raised beds make gardening easier, increase production, and look great. If …Whether you’re struggling socially, on the job, or in school, you might be wondering, “How do I raise my self-esteem?” Don’t worry — you aren’t alone. It’s a pretty common question...26. $15 Raised Garden Bed. Installing a raised garden bed can be quite expensive, especially if you’re trying to go for good quality. However, not everyone wants to spend a bunch of money on it. Here’s a plan for how you can install it for just around $15. The quality is pretty good, as well. farmhouseon. We aim to enrich everyone’s life through plants, and make the UK a greener and more beautiful place. Building raised beds is a great way to add more growing space to your garden, especially if your soil is poor. If you plan ahead, constructing them can be accomplished in a weekend, and you can quickly get growing fruit, vegetables, cut ...For our raised garden beds, we made the long sides of the beds 8ft long so we could use full length, un-cut 2″ x 10″ x 8ft boards. Then, to make the boards for the short sides of the frame, we just needed to cut a 4′ x 8′ board in half. Tip: For a smaller bed size, making 4′ x 4′ square beds would be just as easy.Mar 24, 2018 · First, assemble the long sides. Lay two of the 6-foot fence pickets on the ground, one above the other with the ends flush. Then, take two of the 2×2 sections you cut and line them up with the ends of the boards. Pre-drill your holes, then attach the 2x2s to the cedar pickets with 1 ¼-inch exterior screws. Build a raised garden bed from besser blocks. Besser blocks are fantastic for building raised garden beds of all shapes and sizes. They are lightweight, sturdy and really easy to install. If you build a raised bed from besser blocks, you can either leave it natural or even paint or render the blocks to suit your landscape.Instead, we wanted to build ours with rocks. The concept is still the same: after you consider your location, you decide how big you want them. We went with 4′ x 9′ which worked really well with our space. 4′ wide is standard as it allows you to easily reach into the middle of the beds from both sides.Step 3. Build the wood raised garden bed frame. Build the frame by attaching a 4-ft.-long 2×8 piece of lumber with 3-in. deck screws to the sides of two of the 4×4 posts. Repeat with the other 4-ft. 2×8 and two 4×4 posts. Next, attach the two ends with the 6-ft.-long 2×8s. Step 4. Attach the rest of the boards.An easy raised-bed builder. These notched concrete blocks make it easy to add boards to create a 6-inch-deep garden bed, and you can stack them if you want to raise your garden beds even more. $3 ...One lonely Cinder Block Raised Garden Bed and a whole bunch of moss with a splattering of grass. First, we laid out the cinder blocks where we wanted them. These cinder blocks are 8″X8″X16″ from Home Depot. The long sides of the garden bed have eight cinder blocks and the ends have three for a total of 22 cinder blocks per raised bed.How To Build A Raised Garden Bed Around Patio. For the garden design, It first took deciding on the size, marking it, and trenching out the edges where the treated boards were going to go. Making sure each board was level once into the dug place. In order to secure & attach the wood post to the foundation of the house, {& the concrete for the ...Oct 27, 2022 · To do so, follow this step-by-step: 1. Prepare the soil. First, dig over the soil to level the surface and clear out weeds and debris. 'In the main, raised beds are constructed on existing ground, so the newly introduced soil sits on top of the existing allowing for good drainage and less soil compaction. If you want to help support Shannon to produce more videos like this, visit https://www.house-improvements.com/donateLink to the raised garden bed material c...A raised garden bed should be at least 12 inches (30 centimeters) deep. In fact, the Old Farmer’s Almanac suggests that 12 inches is the ideal depth for a raised garden bed. A raised bed should be at least 12 inches (30 centimeters) deep, since many plants need at least that much space for their roots. A depth of 12 inches leaves plenty of ...Win a $500 Starter Garden Kit: https://growepic.co/3wntDEkOrder Birdies raised beds: https://growepic.co/3gJ2vrH Raised garden beds are the #1 method I curre...Check out our latest video on how to build raised garden beds: https://thd.co/36WjCOvLearn how to build a raised garden bed. Home-grown fruits and veggies al... Cut the 2x4 down into four pieces that match the finished height of the raised bed sides. Mine are 12 ½" tall (two 5" pieces and one 2 ½" piece), but yours may vary depending on the boards you used. Place the 2x4 pieces down on the workbench, and assemble the fence boards on top of them.Cut and assemble the frame. Photo by Ask This Old House TV. Using a jigsaw or circular saw, cut an 8-foot length of 2×10 cedar in half. Hold one of the 10-foot 2x10s on edge, and butt the end of a 4-foot 2×10 up to it so that the face of the longer board overlaps the end of the shorter board. Using the drill/driver, sink three 3-inch screws ... In this article, we’ll show you how to build self-watering planters for yourself. The secret of self-watering planters is in the perforated drain pipe. The total cost of this 3 x 6-ft. cedar planter was $330. If you use treated wood, the price would drop to about $250. And we used a thick EPDM pond liner, which cost $120.Cut the 2x4 down into four pieces that match the finished height of the raised bed sides. Mine are 12 ½" tall (two 5" pieces and one 2 ½" piece), but yours may vary depending on the boards you used. Place the 2x4 pieces down on the workbench, and assemble the fence boards on top of them.Measure and mark the length of the walls and cut the boards. Measure and cut 2 x 4s for corner posts to support the walls. They should be the height of the garden bed …Step-by-Step Guide: How to Build a Raised Garden Bed. Decide on a location and size of your raised bed. Using a spade, deturf the area of grass where the raised bed will be located. This involves skimming the top layer of the grass to reveal the bare soil underneath. (Note: Set grass layer aside for a later step.)The hugelkultur method. I needed a lot of soil to fill my new raised beds, and in a bit of desperation I also threw branches in some of them to help fill them ...Step 1: Choose your location. The ideal place to locate a raised garden bed is an open area with plenty of sunshine and good drainage. Placing it near a hedge is good for …Step 2: Assemble your raised garden bed. Unpack your Greenlife Slimline Garden Bed and confirm that you have all the parts required. Make sure you assemble your raised garden bed on a level …Mar 30, 2020 ... Mar 30 DIY Raised Garden Bed ... In this video I'm showing you how to build a Raised Garden Bed made of cedar, easily picked up at your local home ...Learn how to build a raised garden bed with this comprehensive guide for beginners. Find out the benefits, materials, planning, soil mix, and planting of raised bed gardening. Get tips on …Place the 4″ x 4″ on the inside, just to the left or right of where the conduit is on the outside, and screw in using your 1″ self-drill screws (photo 5B). Repeat on other side (photo 5C). 6. To do the top rails, place one of your 99 3/4″ x 2″ x 6″ rail pieces on top of the 4″ x 4″ supports on the 8′ side (photo 6A). A good raised garden bed soil mix will be a combination of topsoil, compost or organic matter, and sand or grit. The combination creates a soil that has good drainage and holds onto water and nutrients, while providing all the vital nutrients for the plants. Around 30-50% of the make-up of the soil can be composed of compost, topped up with ...A raised garden bed should be at least 12 inches (30 centimeters) deep. In fact, the Old Farmer’s Almanac suggests that 12 inches is the ideal depth for a raised garden bed. A raised bed should be at least 12 inches (30 centimeters) deep, since many plants need at least that much space for their roots. A depth of 12 inches leaves plenty of ...Measure in 3/4 inches from each end of a 4-foot plank. Use a drill with a Phillips head bit to partially sink three screws into the broad side of each end of the plank, spaced evenly from the long edges (at approximately 3, 6 and 9 inches). Repeat the process with the other 4-foot plank. If using reclaimed lumber or wood that is especially dry ... Mix a small batch of mortar. Set the first two bricks, one at each end, laying down a 1-inch-thick bed for each. Check for level in both directions, tapping gently with the handle of your trowel to make adjustments. String a mason's line to mark the level of the first course of bricks. Hold the line in place with bricks.
Jan 27, 2021 · Step 3. Build the wood raised garden bed frame. Build the frame by attaching a 4-ft.-long 2×8 piece of lumber with 3-in. deck screws to the sides of two of the 4×4 posts. Repeat with the other 4-ft. 2×8 and two 4×4 posts. Next, attach the two ends with the 6-ft.-long 2×8s. Step 4. Attach the rest of the boards. . Vocales en ingles
The interior of my garden bed is 2′ x 4′, and it’s 33″ tall. You can adjust any of the sizing to fit your space. To make a raised garden bed with the same dimensions I did, you’ll need to start by cutting: (6) 1×4 cedar boards to 2′ (6) 1×4 cedar boards to 4′ (4) 2×4 cedar boards to 33″ Creating the Short SidesWhere wheelchair access is required, the garden beds can be can be raised much like a table, holding around 30-40cm of soil, with space underneath. The height must be adequate for seated access, with clearance underneath for leg room and to accommodate the wheelchair. When building such garden beds, get all the …Steps: 1. Prepare the site. You can use discarded materials to make a low-cost raised garden bed. Choose a site for the bed that's level and free of debris; then use a tiller to turn and loosen the soil. Even though you're building a raised bed, the roots of any larger plants will go down into the soil below. Raised beds are beneficial because ...Gardening is a great way to get outdoors and enjoy nature while also growing delicious fruits and vegetables. Raised garden beds are an ideal choice for those looking to get the mo...Oct 5, 2023 · DIY Tiered Raised Garden Bed. Yield: 1 Tiered Raised Garden Bed. Active Time: 3 days. Total Time: 3 days. Difficulty: Beginner. Estimated Cost: $50. Learn how to build a DIY tiered raised garden bed using cedar fences and 2×4's. Great for patios and decks to plant flowers, herbs or vegetables. Nov 7, 2023 · How to build a raised bed vegetable garden. Raised beds are improved areas of soil elevated above ground level and often surrounded and contained with boards or other rigid materials. They are usually 2- to 4-ft. wide, 2- to 12-in. high, and as long as desired. The raised bed or growing bed is the basic unit of an intensive garden. Pre-fab raised garden bed kits. If you don’t have the time or resources to muster the raw materials for building a raised garden bed from scratch, you can purchase one of the easy-to-assemble kits on the market. In this case, your first consideration should be the type of materials available and how quickly and easily they go together.1. Longer growing season. Compared to in-ground beds, raised bed soil warms AND drains faster in the spring, so gardeners get a few extra weeks of growing. 2. Better soil. It's easy to amend the soil to meet your particular growing needs. 3. Bigger harvests. Use four 2 x 6 in. x 8 ft. studs to create the raised beds on opposite sides within the enclosure. Use 3-inch exterior screws to secure then to the posts. Place two 2 x 6 x 38 in. studs between the raised beds to create a third bed at the rear of the enclosure. Secure the studs with 3-inch screws. 7. Mar 14, 2020 · Affix the 2x6 to the 4x4s using two lag screws per side, 1 1⁄2 inches from the top or bottom of the board. Repeat with the second 2x6, adding a quarter-inch below the first. Do this process ... 3: Make a box. The first step it to build the basic frame of your raised bed. Nail the 4ft 2x6s onto the ends of your 8ft 2x6s so you have a basic box. The box will be quite flimsy but that is ok for now. Put the box where you want your raised bed to be.If you want raised beds on a hard surface, raise the sides to at least 30cm or preferably higher to give plants a decent depth of soil. Taller raised beds are also useful if you have trouble bending or kneeling, or garden from a wheelchair. The wooden sides can be a hiding place for slugs and woodlice so be vigilant.The project . I built these raised garden beds in the front garden using corrugated iron and timber. How to build a raised garden bed . Grow your own garden in raised garden beds by following this step-by-step guide to building a raised garden bed by horticulturist and Workshop member Adam Woodhams.. For beginners, Adam has also shared a step-by …Steps: 1. Prepare the site. You can use discarded materials to make a low-cost raised garden bed. Choose a site for the bed that's level and free of debris; then use a tiller to turn and loosen the soil. Even though you're building a raised bed, the roots of any larger plants will go down into the soil below. Raised beds are beneficial because ...Detailed, step by step, tutorial on how I made this elevated(on legs) raised vegetable bed. I made it from mostly scraps, but you can use new or used wood t...Apr 13, 2020 · Here’s the materials you will need: 6- 6 foot long cedar fence pickets. 1 – 2×4 or 2×3 (will only need 6 feet of it but will probably have to buy 8 foot long board) exterior screws. drill. saw – can either just use hand circular saw or a miter saw – very simple/easy cuts! 12 bags of soil to fill your beds with about 8 inches high of ... .