This lavishly illustrated volume is the fruit of a conference held in 2015 at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Getty Center that focused on the visual and textual dialogues of the Florentine Codex.That conference also helped to launch a new focus on the codex in its manifold presences: as a trilingual document (Spanish, …The Florentine Codex is divided by subject area into twelve books and includes over 2,000 illustrations drawn by Nahua artists in the sixteenth century. This introduction to the Florentine Codex contains the original prologues to each volume written by Bernadino de Sahagun, which detail his intentions and personal experiences in compiling the ... The Codex is quite large with 1,200 folios (pages) and 2,468 painted illustrations! The Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún, and a group of Nahua (one of the indigenous groups that occupied Central Mexico) writers and illustrators, conceived of and compiled the Codex.Today, we think of the Florentine Codex as one of the most remarkable …Lecture by Diana Magaloni KerpelNovember 7, 2013Getty CenterCreated in 1576 by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún and 22 indigenous artists i...Written between 1540 and 1585, the Florentine Codex (so named because the manuscript has been part of the Laurentian Library’s collections since at least 1791) is the most authoritative statement we have of the Aztecs’ lifeways and traditions—a rich and intimate yet panoramic view of a doomed people. The Florentine Codex is divided by ... Mar 16, 2016 ... With meticulous attention to different artist's techniques such as treatment of line, profiles and proportions of human figures, and how ...Chicago. Bernardino, de Sahagún, 1499-1590. Florentine Codex : General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, N.M. : Salt Lake City, Utah :The School of American Research ; University of Utah, 1970. warning Note: These citations are software generated and may contain errors. To verify accuracy, check the appropriate style guide. close.Una enciclopedia del México indígena del siglo XVI. El Códice Florentino Digital da acceso a un manuscrito singular creado por el fraile franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún y un grupo de principales, autores y artistas nahuas. Escrito en columnas paralelas de textos en náhuatl y español y pintado a mano con casi 2,500 imágenes, el códice ... Codex. Book 1 Book 2 Book 3 Book 4 Book 5 Book 6 Book 7 Book 8 Book 9 Book 10 Book 11 Book 12. Resources. About. Credits. ... Download. Current folio as JPEGCurrent folio as PDFfull volume as PDF. Cite. Generate citation. Entire Page. Available at Digital Florentine Codex/Códice Florentino Digital, edited by Kim N. Richter and ...Empirical analysis has found 60 percent of the plants listed in the Florentine Codex to be medically effective, a striking efficacy, especially considering that ...Cover title: Florentine codex Parts 2-13 with notes and illustrations by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble Some volumes issued as 2nd edition, revised; some volumes reprinted Includes bibliographical references pt. 1. Introduction and indices -- pt. 2. Book 1, The gods -- pt. 3. Book 2, The ceremonies -- pt. 4. The reading was a benchmark in the institute’s ongoing project to open access to the Florentine Codex, a monstrous work whose size alone would seem to discourage public consumption.A team of Nahua authors and artists alongside Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún assembled the codex, which clocks in at 2,500 pages of …Historia general de las cosas de nueva España (General history of the things of New Spain) is an encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico compiled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499--1590), a Franciscan missionary who arrived in Mexico in 1529, eight years after completion of the Spanish conquest by Hernan Cortés. Commonly …Competing Narratives about the Conquest of Mexico and the Fall of the Aztec Empire | Getty News. A Getty Initiative to provide greater access to the Florentine Codex, the first Indigenous encyclopedia of the New World.The Florentine Codex An Encyclopedia of the Nahua World in Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Edited by Jeanette Favrot Peterson and Kevin Terraciano. 256 Pages, 8.50 x 11.00 x 0.90 in, 7 color photos, 99 color and 11 b&w illus., 1 b&w map. Sales Date: September 10, 2019The friar spent over fifty years studying Aztec culture and history, working on the Codex from 1545 until his death in 1590. The Codex consists of more than twenty-four hundred pages, with images drawn by Native American artists. The accompanying text was written in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec people. The Florentine Codex (so named because it resides at the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence, Italy) is a 16th-century manuscript that details, in both the Spanish and Nahuatl languages, the culture and history of the Mexica (Aztec) people, including the invasion of Mexico City by the Spaniards and their Indigenous allies.2023 press release announcing the digitization of the Florentine Codex by Getty. The Digital Florentine Codex unlocks a wealth of Mexica (Aztec) history and culture A Rare 500-Year-Old Manuscript Gets a Second Life Online | Getty NewsCodex. Book 1 Book 2 Book 3 Book 4 Book 5 Book 6 Book 7 Book 8 Book 9 Book 10 Book 11 Book 12. Resources. About. Credits. ... Download. Current folio as JPEGCurrent folio as PDFfull volume as PDF. Cite. Generate citation. Entire Page. Available at Digital Florentine Codex/Códice Florentino Digital, edited by Kim N. Richter and ...Florentine Codex. The Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (General history of the things of New Spain), commonly known as the Florentine Codex, was the result of three decades of research led by the Franciscan missionary Bernardino de Sahagún. In 2,446 pages divided in twelve volumes, the codex presents the history, customs ... Mexica Accounts of Moctezuma Meeting Cortes. From Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 16 (Mexica) Here it is recalled how Moctezuma went in peace and calm to meet the Spaniards at Xoloco, where the house of Alvarado now stands, or at the place they call Huitzillan. And when the Spaniards had arrived at Xoloco, Moctezuma ... This is Book 12, Chapter 20 of the Florentine Codex, also known as the General History of the Things of New Spain. This particular book is about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519 and their eventual consolidation of power in the capital. James Lockhart has provided us with his transcription of the Nahuatl and its translation to English.Yacatecuhtli, god of the pochtecas. Warfare, Birth of Huitzilopochtli. Moctezuma II, Warfare. General History of the Things of New Spain · Florentine Codex ( ...From the Florentine Codex. The Spaniards approached Tenochtitlan from the south, crossing to the city along the causeway from Ixtapalapa. The Nahua accounts concentrate on those things that were new and strange like horses and crossbows but also seek to find parallels and comparisons between their own practices and customs and the ways of the ... Florentine Codex - Sahagún General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex An encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico compiled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499–1590), a Franciscan missionary who arrived in Mexico in 1529, eight years after completion of …The Florentine Codex, also known as the Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España, is a collection of twelve books compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún in order to document and monitor ...Empirical analysis has found 60 percent of the plants listed in the Florentine Codex to be medically effective, a striking efficacy, especially considering that ...Other articles where Florentine Codex is discussed: Mesoamerican Indian languages: Nahuatl literature: Most impressive is the Florentine Codex, titled Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (General History of the Things of New Spain), prepared during approximately the last half of the 16th century by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún and his Aztec students. Nov 1, 2023 · There are 2,472 paintings and decorative images within the Florentine Codex’s 2,446 pages that illustrate writing in Nahuatl, pronounced NAH-wuh (the language of the Mexica, pronounced meh-SHE-kah). Florentine Codex: Book 11: Book 11: Earthly Things (Monographs of the School of American Re) (Volume 11) by De Sahagun, Bernardino - ISBN 10: 1607811669 ...Advertisement. Now, thanks to an effort that was led in part by the Getty Research Institute, the Florentine Codex has been digitized, its nearly 2,500 hand-painted images tagged, so that it is ...A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - The Florentine Codex is an ancient document that describes the life of the Aztecs, their religious ceremonies, astronomy, …The Florentine Codex is an encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico compiled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, a Franciscan missionary who arrived …With the publication of the second edition of Book Two, The Ceremonies, of the Florentine Codex, Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble have completed revision of their translation of this immense compendium of information on ancient Mexico gathered in the sixteenth century by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún.Commonly called the Florentine Codex, the manuscript came into the possession of the Medici no later than 1588 and is now in the Medicea Laurenziana Library in Florence. Sahagún began conducting research into indigenous cultures in the 1540s, using a methodology that scholars consider to be a precursor to modern anthropological field technique. Jan 4, 2024 · The text, the Florentine Codex, is a visual and written encyclopedia of the history of the Aztec people in Mexico, pre- and post-colonialism. As an online source, the codex, initially written in Nahuatl and Spanish, was translated into English. Viewers can search the 12 books online for specific texts and images within the manuscript. Plague Strikes Tenochtitlan. From Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 29 (Mexica) Here it is told how, at the time the Spaniards left Mexico, there came an illness of pustules of which many Mexicas died; it was called "the great rash" [smallpox]. [Even] before the Spaniards appeared to us, an illness broke out, a ...Yacatecuhtli, god of the pochtecas. Warfare, Birth of Huitzilopochtli. Moctezuma II, Warfare. General History of the Things of New Spain · Florentine Codex ( ...Day 1: Friday, April 17, 2015. 9:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m. Royce Hall, UCLA. Day 2: Saturday, April 18, 2015. 10:00 a.m.–1:45 p.m. Museum Lecture Hall, The Getty Center. This conference considers how the many Nahua contributors to the Florentine Codex and their Spanish interpreter, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, used images and alphabetic texts to ...Previous Next Florentine Codex, Book 12, Ch 01 [FCBk12Ch01F01r00] Folio 1 recto 1 of 5 This is Book 12, Chapter 1 of the Florentine Codex, also known as the General History …Codex Florentine is a set of 12 books created under the supervision of Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún between approximately 1540 and 1576. The ...Modeled after medieval European encyclopedias, the Florentine Codex is a three-volume, 12-book collection written in Spanish and Nahuatl documenting the daily life and customs of the Mexica (Aztec ...Sahagún's work, largely unknown among English-speaking biologists, is an untapped treasury of information about Aztecan natural history. It also establishes the ...Oct 16, 2022 ... The General/Universal History of the Things of New Spain comprises twelve books by the Franciscan Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (*1499 - †1590) ...Oct 26, 2023 · The 12-book manuscript is an encyclopedia of Aztec (or Nahua) knowledge written by Nahua authors and artists in the mid-16th century. They developed the manuscript with Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún from Spain at the Colegio Imperial de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco. The 2,500-page codex was written in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs ... The Florentine Codex An Encyclopedia of the Nahua World in Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Edited by Jeanette Favrot Peterson and Kevin Terraciano. 256 Pages, 8.50 x 11.00 x 0.90 in, 7 color photos, 99 color and 11 b&w illus., 1 b&w map. Sales Date: September 10, 2019The following image comes from The Florentine Codex, a compilation of materials and information on Aztec history organized by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún and his students. The friar spent over fifty years studying Aztec culture and history, working on the Codex from 1545 until his death in 1590.By Bernardino de Sahagun. Written between 1540 and 1585, The Florentine Codex (so named because the manuscript has been part of the Laurentian Library’s collections since at least 1791) is the most authoritative statement we have of the Aztecs’ lifeways and traditions—a rich and intimate yet panoramic view of a doomed people. SAA35.1 of 4. This is Book 12, Chapter 9 of the Florentine Codex, also known as the General History of the Things of New Spain. This particular book is about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519 and their eventual consolidation of power in the capital. James Lockhart has provided us with his transcription of the Nahuatl and its translation to English.Dec 1, 2023 ... The manuscript, known as the Florentine Codex, documented Mexica culture and the Aztec Empire in brilliant detail, as well as the devastation ...These pages from the Florentine Codex recount the first encounter between the Spanish and the people of Tenochtitlan in the summer of 1519. Messengers sent by Emperor Montezuma shower the Spanish visitors with sacrosanct gifts (top left), are subsequently bound in chains (bottom left), and collapse upon hearing the weaponry blasted by the …Browse 384 florentine codex photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more photos and images. The Prince of Machiavelli 500 Years Celebration - Exhibition. Grammar. The Marriage of the Virgin Mary, by Giovannino de Grassi, 1388 - 1398, 14th Century, mm 247 x 175. Manuscript Leaf With Entry Into Jerusalem On Palm Sunday In An ... Written between 1540 and 1585, the Florentine Codex (so named because the manuscript has been part of the Laurentian Library's collections since at least 1791) ...Dec 5, 2022 · Book 12. The Conquest of Mexico. Book 1 Gods. Book 2 Calendar and Festivals. Book 3 Origin of the Gods. Book 4 Judicial Astrology or Divinatory Arts. Book 5 Omens and Prognostications. Book 6 Rhetoric, Moral Philosophy, and Theology. Book 7 Astrology and Natural Philosophy. Commonly called the Florentine Codex, the manuscript came into the possession of the Medici no later than 1588 and is now in the Medicea Laurenziana Library in Florence. Sahagún began conducting research into indigenous cultures in the 1540s, using a methodology that scholars consider to be a precursor to modern anthropological field technique. Commonly called the Florentine Codex, the manuscript came into the possession of the Medici no later than 1588 and is now in the Medicea Laurenziana Library in Florence. Sahagún began conducting research into indigenous cultures in the 1540s, using a methodology that scholars consider to be a precursor to modern anthropological field technique. Commonly referred to as the Florentine Codex, the manuscript consists of 12 books devoted to different topics. Book XII recounts the Spanish conquest of Mexico, which took place between 1519, when Cortés landed on the coast with just over 100 men and a few horses, and 1521, when Tenochtitlan was taken and the Aztecs subjugated. May 16, 2020 ... ... Florentine Codex, a fascinating but controversial text compiled by Bernadino de Sahagun in collaboration with his Nahuatl students. Broken ...From Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 29 (Mexica). Here it is told how, at the time the Spaniards left Mexico, there came an ...Jan 23, 2024 · Eventually, they recited all of Book 12 of the Florentine Codex, a 16th-century work that recounts the collapse of the Aztec Empire from Native viewpoints. “It made me realize how much this story needs to be read aloud, like other great works of literature,” says Kim Richter, a scholar of Pre-Columbian art and principal lead of the Getty ... Codex. Book 1 Book 2 Book 3 Book 4 Book 5 Book 6 Book 7 Book 8 Book 9 Book 10 Book 11 Book 12. Resources. About. Credits. ... Download. Current folio as JPEGCurrent folio as PDFfull volume as PDF. Cite. Generate citation. Entire Page. Available at Digital Florentine Codex/Códice Florentino Digital, edited by Kim N. Richter and ...Jun 30, 2015 ... Share your videos with friends, family, and the world.The Florentine Codex, also known as the Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España, is a collection of twelve books compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún in order to document and monitor ...Nov 9, 2023 ... Join us for a conversation with Dr. León García Garagarza, member of the Getty project team, who will talk about the creation of the Digital ...Smarthistory. Smarthistory. 2.2.8.1: Bernardino de Sahagún and collaborators, Florentine Codex. 2.2.8.2: Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre- The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremac. This page titled 2.2.8: The Florentine Codex is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Smarthistory.Statements · instance of · written work. 0 references. manuscript · part of · Aztec codices. 0 references · inception. 1575 Gregorian. 1 referenc...Jan 23, 2024 ... Eventually, they recited all of Book 12 of the Florentine Codex, a 16th-century work that recounts the collapse of the Aztec Empire from Native ...The Florentine Codex is divided by subject area into twelve books and includes over 2,000 illustrations drawn by Nahua artists in the sixteenth century. Book Eleven is a beautifully written and careful documentation of all of the animals and plants known to the Aztecs in the sixteenth century. Florentine Codex. English: The Florentine Codex (c. 1540 and 1585) — the name of 12 illuminated books of Aztec codices, created in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (colonial México), of the history of the. Contributors featured Aztec survivors of the 1520s Spanish conquest, under the direction of historian and missionary Bernardino de Sahagún.Download Florentine Codex: Book 1: Book 1: The Gods pdf ebooks ... EN. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian česk ...¹ The Florentine Codex was handwritten and painted by a team of Nahua scholars and artists collaborating with fray Bernardino de Sahagún at the Colegio de Santa ...Historia general de las cosas de nueva España (General history of the things of New Spain) is an encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico compiled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499--1590), a Franciscan missionary who arrived in Mexico in 1529, eight years after completion of the Spanish conquest by Hernan Cortés. Commonly …Yacatecuhtli, god of the pochtecas. Warfare, Birth of Huitzilopochtli. Moctezuma II, Warfare. General History of the Things of New Spain · Florentine Codex ( ...Una enciclopedia del México indígena del siglo XVI. El Códice Florentino Digital da acceso a un manuscrito singular creado por el fraile franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún y un grupo de principales, autores y artistas nahuas. Escrito en columnas paralelas de textos en náhuatl y español y pintado a mano con casi 2,500 imágenes, el códice ...This version of the Códice Florentine is based on the version of the codex held in Florence as well as on the summary of the original codex, Primeros memorials, held in the Bibliioteca de Palacio, Madrid. The four volumes reveal the friar's attempt to understand native culture, plants, medicine, and language by encouraging older men to draw in ... Smallpox attacked Tenochtitlan at an important time in the Mesoamerican calendar.According to the Mexica’s account of the Spanish invasion, recorded in Book 12 of the Florentine Codex (created c. 1575–77 by a Franciscan friar and Indigenous collaborators), smallpox erupted during the sacred month of Tepeilhuitl or “The Festival …Modeled after medieval European encyclopedias, the Florentine Codex is a three-volume, 12-book collection written in Spanish and Nahuatl documenting the daily life and customs of the Mexica (Aztec ...Part of the first pages of Codex Mendoza, depicting the founding of Tenochtitlan. Florentine Codex, Book 12 on the conquest of Mexico from the Mexica viewpoint.(Cortez's army advancing while scouts report to Moctezuma) Diego Durán: A comet seen by Moctezuma, interpreted as a sign of impending peril.(Codex Duran, page 1) Detail of first stones from …The Florentine Codex is divided by subject area into twelve books and includes over 2,000 illustrations drawn by Nahua artists in the sixteenth century. Book Two gives comprehensive accounts of the religious ceremonies and days of feasting during the time of the Aztecs, including prayers, songs, and the duties and roles of Aztecs inside the ...Codex Florentine is a set of 12 books created under the supervision of Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún between approximately 1540 and 1576. The ...The manuscript, divided into 12 volumes and now known as the Florentine Codex, is the single most important artistic and historical document for the study of the peoples and cultures of pre-Hispanic and colonial Central Mexico. The completed manuscript reflects both indigenous and Spanish traditions of writing and painting, including parallel ...Digital Florentine Codex Codex Resources About Books of the Codex Go to Book Book 1 Gods Go to Book Book 2 Calendar and Festivals Go to Book Book 3 Origin …1 of 4. This is Book 12, Chapter 12 of the Florentine Codex, also known as the General History of the Things of New Spain. This particular book is about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519 and their eventual consolidation of power in the capital. James Lockhart has provided us with his transcription of the Nahuatl and its translation to English.The Digital Florentine Codex gives access to a singular manuscript created by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún and a group of Nahua elders, authors, and artists. Written in parallel columns of Nahuatl and Spanish texts and hand painted with nearly 2,500 images, the encyclopedic codex is widely regarded as the most reliable …Written between 1540 and 1585, the Florentine Codex (so named because the manuscript has been part of the Laurentian Library’s collections since at least 1791) is the most authoritative statement we have of the Aztecs’ lifeways and traditions—a rich and intimate yet panoramic view of a doomed people. The Florentine Codex is divided by ...
The Florentine Codex is divided by subject area into twelve books and includes over 2,000 illustrations drawn by Nahua artists in the sixteenth century. Book Four delves into the Aztec’s complex astrological beliefs. . Lynyrd skynyrd simple man
It is therefore exceptionally timely to welcome this rigorous, interdisciplinary, and engaging treatment of the most consequential manuscript on the Aztec or Nahua worlds, largely assembled in the same Tlatelolco: the Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España, otherwise known as the Florentine Codex.Florentine Codex: Book 12: Book 12: The Conquest of Mexico (Volume 12) (Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain) Bernardino de Sahagun 4.6 out of 5 stars 47Florentine Codex (Full Set) Written between 1540 and 1585, The Florentine Codex (so named because the manuscript has been part of the Laurentian Library’s collections since at least 1791) is the most authoritative statement we have of the Aztecs’ lifeways and traditions—a rich and intimate yet panoramic view of a doomed people. Download Florentine Codex: Book 1: Book 1: The Gods pdf ebooks ... EN. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian česk ...Eventually, the Florentine Codex was published under the title Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España in three volumes in Mexico in 1829. Sahagún died in 1590, having seen his Codex ...The Florentine Codex was written to help in the conversion of the Nahua people to Catholicism. Friar Bernardino de Sahagun believed that understanding the ...This introduction to the Florentine Codex contains the original prologues to each volume written by Bernadino de Sahagun, which detail his intentions and personal experiences in compiling the Codex.Mexica Accounts of Moctezuma Meeting Cortes. From Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 16 (Mexica) Here it is recalled how Moctezuma went in peace and calm to meet the Spaniards at Xoloco, where the house of Alvarado now stands, or at the place they call Huitzillan. And when the Spaniards had arrived at Xoloco, Moctezuma ... The Florentine Codex is divided by subject area into twelve books and includes over 2,000 illustrations drawn by Nahua artists in the sixteenth century. Book Two gives comprehensive accounts of the religious ceremonies and days of feasting during the time of the Aztecs, including prayers, songs, and the duties and roles of Aztecs inside the ... Project that provides unprecedented access to the Florentine Codex, an encyclopedic manuscript of early modern Mexico and Nahua knowledge.Most impressive is the Florentine Codex, titled Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España ( General History of the Things of New Spain ), prepared during approximately …May 16, 2020 ... ... Florentine Codex, a fascinating but controversial text compiled by Bernadino de Sahagun in collaboration with his Nahuatl students. Broken ...Nov 14, 2023 ... The Spanish conquista of the Americas happened long enough ago — and left behind a spotty enough body of historical records — that we tend ...The Codex is quite large with 1,200 folios (pages) and 2,468 painted illustrations! The Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún, and a group of Nahua (one of the indigenous groups that occupied Central Mexico) writers and illustrators, conceived of and compiled the Codex.Today, we think of the Florentine Codex as one of the most remarkable …Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Translated from the Aztec into English, with notes and illustrations, by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. Published by the School of American Research and the University of Utah. Monographs of The School of American Research, Santa Fe, New …Historia general de las cosas de nueva España (General history of the things of New Spain) is an encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico compiled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499--1590), a Franciscan missionary who arrived in Mexico in 1529, eight years after completion of the Spanish conquest by Hernan Cortés. Commonly ….
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